Photorealistic physically based render engines: a comparative study

Pérez Roig, F. (2012). Photorealistic physically based render engines: a comparative study. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/14797.Archivo delegad

Pulmonary Vein Activity Organization to Determine Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence: Preliminary Data from a Pilot Study

[EN] Ablation of pulmonary veins has emerged as a key procedure for normal rhythm restoration in atrial fibrillation patients. However, up to half of ablated Atrial fibrillation (AF) patients suffer recurrences during the first year. In this article, simultaneous intra-atrial recordings registered at pulmonary veins previous to the ablation procedure were analyzed. Spatial cross-correlation and transfer entropy were computed in order to estimate spatial organization. Results showed that, in patients with arrhythmia recurrence, pulmonary vein electrical activity was less correlated than in patients that maintained sinus rhythm. Moreover, correlation function between dipoles showed higher delays in patients with AF recurrence. Results with transfer entropy were consistent with spatial cross-correlation measurements. These results show that arrhythmia drivers located at the pulmonary veins are associated with a higher organization of the electrical activations after the ablation of these sites.This research was funded by Spanish Ministry of Research and Innovation : PID2019-109547RB-I00. This research was supported by the PID2019-109547RB-I00 National Research Program RETOS from the Spanish Ministry of Research and Innovation and partialy by GVA (PROMETEO/2018/078) & ISCIII (CB16/11/00486). Thanks to Michael Charles Willoughby for English language and scientific editing services.Cervigón, R.; Moreno, J.; Millet Roig, J.; Pérez-Villacastín, J.; Castells, F. (2020). Pulmonary Vein Activity Organization to Determine Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence: Preliminary Data from a Pilot Study. Mathematics. 8(10):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8101813S113810Andrade, J., Khairy, P., Dobrev, D., & Nattel, S. (2014). The Clinical Profile and Pathophysiology of Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation Research, 114(9), 1453-1468. doi:10.1161/circresaha.114.303211Kim, M. H., Johnston, S. S., Chu, B.-C., Dalal, M. R., & Schulman, K. L. (2011). Estimation of Total Incremental Health Care Costs in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in the United States. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 4(3), 313-320. doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.110.958165Andersson, T., Magnuson, A., Bryngelsson, I.-L., Frøbert, O., Henriksson, K. M., Edvardsson, N., & Poçi, D. (2013). All-cause mortality in 272 186 patients hospitalized with incident atrial fibrillation 1995–2008: a Swedish nationwide long-term case–control study. European Heart Journal, 34(14), 1061-1067. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs469Chugh, S. S., Havmoeller, R., Narayanan, K., Singh, D., Rienstra, M., Benjamin, E. J., … Murray, C. J. L. (2014). Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation, 129(8), 837-847. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.005119Saglietto, A., Matta, M., Gaita, F., Jacobs, V., Bunch, T. J., & Anselmino, M. (2019). Stroke-independent contribution of atrial fibrillation to dementia: a meta-analysis. Open Heart, 6(1), e000984. doi:10.1136/openhrt-2018-000984Wattigney, W. A. (2002). Increased Atrial Fibrillation Mortality: United States, 1980-1998. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(9), 819-826. doi:10.1093/aje/155.9.819Krijthe, B. P., Kunst, A., Benjamin, E. J., Lip, G. Y. H., Franco, O. H., Hofman, A., … Heeringa, J. (2013). Projections on the number of individuals with atrial fibrillation in the European Union, from 2000 to 2060. European Heart Journal, 34(35), 2746-2751. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht280January, C. T., Wann, L. S., Calkins, H., Chen, L. Y., Cigarroa, J. E., Cleveland, J. C., … Yancy, C. W. (2019). 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm, 16(8), e66-e93. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.01.024Haïssaguerre, M., Jaïs, P., Shah, D. C., Takahashi, A., Hocini, M., Quiniou, G., … Clémenty, J. (1998). Spontaneous Initiation of Atrial Fibrillation by Ectopic Beats Originating in the Pulmonary Veins. New England Journal of Medicine, 339(10), 659-666. doi:10.1056/nejm199809033391003Allessie, M. A., Bonke, F. I., & Schopman, F. J. (1976). Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia. II. The role of nonuniform recovery of excitability in the occurrence of unidirectional block, as studied with multiple microelectrodes. Circulation Research, 39(2), 168-177. doi:10.1161/01.res.39.2.168Kirchhof, P., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., … Zeppenfeld, K. (2016). 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Europace, 18(11), 1609-1678. doi:10.1093/europace/euw295Calkins, H., Kuck, K. H., Cappato, R., Brugada, J., Camm, A. J., Chen, S.-A., … Wilber, D. (2012). 2012 HRS/EHRA/ECAS Expert Consensus Statement on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Recommendations for Patient Selection, Procedural Techniques, Patient Management and Follow-up, Definitions, Endpoints, and Research Trial Design. Heart Rhythm, 9(4), 632-696.e21. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.12.016Ganesan, A. N., Shipp, N. J., Brooks, A. G., Kuklik, P., Lau, D. H., Lim, H. S., … Sanders, P. (2013). Long‐term Outcomes of Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2(2). doi:10.1161/jaha.112.004549Pison, L., Tilz, R., Jalife, J., & Haïssaguerre, M. (2016). Pulmonary vein triggers, focal sources, rotors and atrial cardiomyopathy: implications for the choice of the most effective ablation therapy. Journal of Internal Medicine, 279(5), 449-456. doi:10.1111/joim.12490Kirchhof, P., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., … Vardas, P. (2017). 2016 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation Developed in Collaboration With EACTS. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition), 70(1), 50. doi:10.1016/j.rec.2016.11.033Botteron, G. W., & Smith, J. M. (1995). A technique for measurement of the extent of spatial organization of atrial activation during atrial fibrillation in the intact human heart. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 42(6), 579-586. doi:10.1109/10.387197Cervigón, R., Moreno, J., Millet, J., Pérez-Villacastín, J., & Castells, F. (2010). Propofol Effects on Atrial Fibrillation Wavefront Delays. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 57(8), 1877-1885. doi:10.1109/tbme.2009.2037312Cervigón, R., Castells, F., Gómez-Pulido, J., Pérez-Villacastín, J., & Moreno, J. (2018). Granger Causality and Jensen–Shannon Divergence to Determine Dominant Atrial Area in Atrial Fibrillation. Entropy, 20(1), 57. doi:10.3390/e20010057CASTELLS, F., CERVIGÓN, R., & MILLET, J. (2013). On the Preprocessing of Atrial Electrograms in Atrial Fibrillation: Understanding Botteron’s Approach. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 37(2), 133-143. doi:10.1111/pace.12288Botteron, G. W., & Smith, J. M. (1996). Quantitative Assessment of the Spatial Organization of Atrial Fibrillation in the Intact Human Heart. Circulation, 93(3), 513-518. doi:10.1161/01.cir.93.3.513Wu, X., & Lu, W. (2019). Four Constructions of Asymptotically Optimal Codebooks via Additive Characters and Multiplicative Characters. Mathematics, 7(12), 1144. doi:10.3390/math7121144Wei, X., Zhang, H., Gong, X., Wei, X., Dang, C., & Zhi, T. (2020). Intrinsic Cross-Correlation Analysis of Hydro-Meteorological Data in the Loess Plateau, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2410. doi:10.3390/ijerph17072410Wang, J., Wang, L., Xi, X., Miran, S. M., & Xue, A. (2020). Estimation and Correlation Analysis of Lower Limb Joint Angles Based on Surface Electromyography. Electronics, 9(4), 556. doi:10.3390/electronics9040556Schreiber, T. (2000). Measuring Information Transfer. Physical Review Letters, 85(2), 461-464. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.461Tehrani-Saleh, A., & Adami, C. (2020). Can Transfer Entropy Infer Information Flow in Neuronal Circuits for Cognitive Processing? Entropy, 22(4), 385. doi:10.3390/e22040385Overbey, L. A., & Todd, M. D. (2009). Dynamic system change detection using a modification of the transfer entropy. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 322(1-2), 438-453. doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2008.11.025Calkins, H., Reynolds, M. R., Spector, P., Sondhi, M., Xu, Y., Martin, A., … Sledge, I. (2009). Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation With Antiarrhythmic Drugs or Radiofrequency Ablation. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 2(4), 349-361. doi:10.1161/circep.108.824789Ouyang, F., Bänsch, D., Ernst, S., Schaumann, A., Hachiya, H., Chen, M., … Kuck, K.-H. (2004). Complete Isolation of Left Atrium Surrounding the Pulmonary Veins. Circulation, 110(15), 2090-2096. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000144459.37455.eeChen, S.-A., Hsieh, M.-H., Tai, C.-T., Tsai, C.-F., Prakash, V. S., Yu, W.-C., … Chang, M.-S. (1999). Initiation of Atrial Fibrillation by Ectopic Beats Originating From the Pulmonary Veins. Circulation, 100(18), 1879-1886. doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.18.1879SOTOMI, Y., KIKKAWA, T., INOUE, K., TANAKA, K., TOYOSHIMA, Y., OKA, T., … FUJII, K. (2014). Regional Difference of Optimal Contact Force to Prevent Acute Pulmonary Vein Reconnection During Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 25(9), 941-947. doi:10.1111/jce.12443BALK, E. M., GARLITSKI, A. C., ALSHEIKH-ALI, A. A., TERASAWA, T., CHUNG, M., & IP, S. (2010). Predictors of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence After Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation: A Systematic Review. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology, 21(11), 1208-1216. doi:10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01798.xAd, N., Holmes, S. D., Patel, J., Je, H. G., & Shuman, D. J. (2017). The Need for Consistent Predictors of Success for Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, 12(6), 421-429. doi:10.1097/imi.0000000000000426Njoku, A., Kannabhiran, M., Arora, R., Reddy, P., Gopinathannair, R., Lakkireddy, D., & Dominic, P. (2017). Left atrial volume predicts atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency ablation: a meta-analysis. EP Europace, 20(1), 33-42. doi:10.1093/europace/eux013Ropella, K. M., Sahakian, A. V., Baerman, J. M., & Swiryn, S. (1989). The coherence spectrum. A quantitative discriminator of fibrillatory and nonfibrillatory cardiac rhythms. Circulation, 80(1), 112-119. doi:10.1161/01.cir.80.1.112Cervigón, R., Moreno, J., Sánchez, C., Reilly, R. B., Villacastín, J., Millet, J., & Castells, F. (2008). Atrial fibrillation organization: quantification of propofol effects. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 47(3), 333-341. doi:10.1007/s11517-008-0421-0Cervigón, R., Moreno, J., Reilly, R. B., Pérez-Villacastín, J., & Castells, F. (2012). Quantification of anaesthetic effects on atrial fibrillation rate by partial least-squares. Physiological Measurement, 33(10), 1757-1768. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/33/10/175

Hardware Project Development using Scrum in the Interactive Technologies Degree

[EN] Learning electronics in the fourth-wave industrial age requires an extra effort to motivate students. They often feel frustrated so they do not spend enough time to acquire in depth-knowledge. To enhance student's motivation and engagement, instructional methods of teaching and learning are being tested in some Universities [1]. Among these methods, project based learning (PBL) has proven to be useful to overcome frustration and improve student engagement. This methodology is even more successful if it is implemented using an agile approach, like Scrum. This paper describes a new way to teach electronics based on the use of PBL and Scrum and presents results of its application regarding to the acquisition level of some competences.This work has been partially finance by UPV-Innovation Project PIME-I 1776 (2022-2024).Pérez Pascual, MA.; Toledo Alarcón, JF.; Marín-Roig Ramón, J.; Azulay, E. (2022). Hardware Project Development using Scrum in the Interactive Technologies Degree. IEEE. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAEE54169.2022.98405611

How to measure student's performance in PBL?

[EN] In this paper, we present an analysis of metrics for teamwork efficiency in University degrees, by considering Project Based Learning as a teaching methodology. We defined indicators to evaluate the ability to prioritize tasks, the group communication and the produced value. Such parameters were designed to provide objective information about teamwork efficiency. To test the effectiveness of the proposed indicators, an experiment based on a classic team-building game was performed in the context of the Interactive Technologies Degree at Universitat Politècnica de València. Students were divided into two groups (one from the first course and another the fourth course) and were asked to solve a problem in a limited amount of time. Our hypothesis was that the group corresponding to the fourth course would achieve higher teamwork efficiency because of their experience with the Project Based Learning methodology. After measuring the proposed indicators and other state-of-the-art parameters, we assessed the evolution and improvement of teamwork efficiency by comparing the results of both sets of metrics. Finally, we concluded that the presented metrics can be useful for teamwork efficiency evaluation, but also for students to manage their work.This work has been partially financed by UPV-Innovation Project PIME-I 1776 (2022-2024).Pérez Pascual, MA.; Alberola Oltra, JM.; Marín-Roig Ramón, J.; Toledo Alarcón, JF.; Palacio Samitier, D.; Giménez López, JL.; Heras, S.... (2023). How to measure student's performance in PBL?. IATED. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2023.08461

El compromís de l'estudiant davan del seu procés d'aprenentatge. 'Compromís per aprendre'

Per afavorir que els estudiants siguin responsables del seu aprenentatge i augmentar el seu grau de compromís, a l'assignatura de Fisiologia i Fisiopatologia I (Grau de Farmàcia) s'han realitzat enquestes als estudiants. El grau de compromís expressat pels estudiants s'ha relacionat amb indicadors qualitatius com ara les qualificacions obtingudes. Els resultats indiquen que la implicació dels estudiants és encara força baixa i per tant es conclou que cal estimular encara més la seva participació i el seu compromís

El compromís de l’estudiant com a estratègia per a la millora de l’aprenentatge en l’assignatura de Fisiologia i Fisiopatologia I

Per a què el procés d’aprenentatge en educació superior es doni de forma activa, cal la implicació tant de professors com d’alumnes. El professorat universitari, apart de les tasques docents tradicionals, planifica tota una sèrie d’activitats per afavorir la interpretació de la informació per part de l’alumne i la generació del coneixement. Tot i això, si es pretén que els alumnes adquireixin determinades actituds i coneixements, cal fer èmfasi sobre el què es vol que facin. Així, aquest treball té com a objectiu general afavorir, a través de la reflexió, que els estudiants a l’assignatura de Fisiologia i Fisiopatologia I (Grau de Farmàcia) es responsabilitzin del seu aprenentatge i potenciar el seu grau de compromís del que cal i s’espera que facin. Per assolir aquest objectiu, s’han realitzat enquestes (grau de compromís) als estudiants a l’inici i al final de curs. Els resultats obtinguts amb l’anàlisi del grau de compromís expressat pels estudiants, s’han relacionat amb les qualificacions obtingudes en les diferents activitats plantejades durant el curs i amb l’avaluació final. L’anàlisi final, indica que la implicació dels estudiants és encara força baixa i per tant es conclou que cal estimular encara més la seva participació i el seu compromís.Programa de Millora i Innovació Docent, UB, 2014PID-UB/011.Grup d’Innovació Docent “Ensenyar a aprendre Fisiologia (GIDCUB-11/EAF) Grup d’Innovació Docent “Alternatives metodològiques en Fisiologia i Fisiopatologia” GIDCUB-11/MFF Grup d’Innovació Docent “Unitat de Laboratoris Docents” GIDCUB-11/UL

Perspectivas actuales en la aplicación del derecho

El presente volumen recoge las intervenciones del Tercer Seminario Internacional Permanente del Departamento de Derecho Internacional, Eclesiástico y Filosofía del Derecho de la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, celebrado a lo largo del curso académico 2011-12El capítulo "Derechos fundamentales y tradiciones constitucionales comunes en la aplicación del Derecho europeo" de Francisco Javier Ansuátegui Roig se desarrolla en el marco de los proyectos Consolider-Ingenio 2010 “El tiempo de los derechos”. CSD2008-00007, y “Los derechos humanos en el s. XXI. Retos y desafíos del Estado de Derecho global” (DER 2011-25114), Plan Nacional de I+D+I, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.Presentación / Óscar Celador Angón. - In memoriam : sobre Gregorio Peces-Barba / Rafael de Asís Roig. - La represión de los crímenes más graves de trascendencia internacional / Antoni Pigrau Solé. - El juez y la aplicación del Derecho / Ramón Ruiz Ruiz. - La aplicación del Derecho Canónico en España : la eficacia civil de las decisiones eclesiásticas de nulidad y disolución matrimonial / Raquel Tejón Sánchez. - Pluralismo, monismo y problemas de aplicación del Derecho / Francesco Belvisi. - Globalización y justicia : (cinco supuestos de la aplicación de las normas de Derecho Internacional Público y de Derecho europeo por los tribunales españoles) / Santiago Ripoll Carulla. - La eficacia civil del Derecho de las confesiones con acuerdo en España / David García-Pardo. - Eficacia en el ordenamiento jurídico español de las decisiones del TEDH en el ámbito de las libertades de pensamiento, de conciencia y de religión / Isidoro Martín Sánchez. - La aplicación del Derecho de la Unión Europea / Lucía Millán Moro. - Derechos fundamentales y "tradiciones constitucionales comunes" en la aplicación del Derecho europeo / Francisco Javier Ansuátegui Roig. - La responsabilidad de proteger como nuevo mecanismo de aplicación coercitiva del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos / Rocío Yudith Canchari Canchari. - Pluralismo jurídico y derecho de las mujeres indígenas : el caso de las mujeres Awajún de Perú / Mercedes Manríquez Roque. - El juez y la aplicación del derecho en el pensamiento de Owen Fiss, ¿interpretación objetiva? : entre el movimiento de Estudios Jurídico-Críticos y el Análisis Económico del Derecho / Rodrigo Pérez Espinosa. - Antitrust Law and Policy on A2k Compulsory Licensing : Early First Experiences of Judicial Activism / Pablo Zapatero Miguel

Inventario y descripción de las soluciones de accesibilidad a la web existentes para personas con discapacidad fisica y sensorial

El elemento más representativo de la nueva sociedad de la información lo constituye sin duda la World Wide Web. La Red, como es conocida popularmente, une a millones de ordenadores en todo el mundo, aportando una riqueza de información inimaginable hace pocos años y un interfaz de uso tan gráfico e intuitivo que ha significado una expansión permanente de su uso a millones de usuarios nuevos cada año. La accesibilidad Web se puede definir como la posibilidad de que un producto o servicio Web sea usado por el mayor número posible de personas, independientemente de las limitaciones del individuo o de las del contexto de uso. De acuerdo con el Tratado de Amsterdam de la Unión Europea, en aplicación de la cláusula de no-discriminación, las políticas europeas y la de los Estados miembros deberían inspirarse en el principio de no-discriminación con vistas a hacer realidad la igualdad para las personas con discapacidad. Este informe tiene como objetivo realizar un inventario de las soluciones, existentes en el mercado, tanto de software como de hardware para poder garantizar esa no discriminación de todas las personas

Evaluating the impact of existing legislation in Europe with regard to Female Genital Mutilation

The Spanish Report on the evaluation of existing legislation with regard to Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is the result of a research project supported by the European Commision Daphne Programme. The project Evaluating the impact of existing legislation in Europe with regard to female genital mutilation, has been coordinated by the International Centre for Reproductive Health of Ghent University (Belgium) from january 2003 to march 2004. The project included as partners the Foundation for Women’s Health, Research and Development (FORWARD, United Kingdom); Lund University (Sweden); Commission pour l'Abolition des Mutilations Sexuelles, (CAMS, France), the Centre of Studies on Citizenship, Migration and Minorities of the University of Valencia (GECIM, Spain), and the above mentioned ICRH (Ghent University, Belgium) . The Spanish report is an interdisciplinary research done by the Centre of Studies on Citizenship, Migration and Minorities (University of València), directed by professor Javier De Lucas, and which counts with researchers and collaborators both, from the University of Valencia and other Universities such as University of Barcelona and University Rovira i Virgili of Tarragona; in the fields of Law (Penal Law, Constitutional Law, Theory and Philosophy of Law), Sociology and Antropology. The Group of researchers includes as well lawyers and public prosecutors. Practice of Female Genital Mutilation in Spain, like other european countries, address this rite that is introduced by immigrants from countries where the practice is prevalent (as we may see in chapter 3), as a violation of women’s rights and consider that such violation cannot be justified by respect of cultural traditions or initiation ceremonies. The increasing of immigration in Spain, has been a fact in last years, and it would be an important issue in future, increasing too the number of girls at risk in our country. In Spain, since october 2003, we have anew specific legislation, but before Female Genital Mutilation was liable too under the general offence of injuries in the Penal Code. In this Report, like in the other of the project, we have examined the possibilities and difficulties in the implementation of the spanish national legislation, in order to recommend a legislative and political strategy through Europe. page4image1440 The research methodology, common to all reports, was designed by the ICRH in its cooordination task, but was as well discussed by all the partners along the six steering commitee meetings we have had. The structure and content of report reflects the answers to following questions: 1. What is the legislation with regard to FGM in your country? Description of the legislation.; 2. What is the number of published court cases/suspected cases related to FGM in your country? What is the number of “hearsay” cases?; 3. Brief description of the practising community and the corresponding jurisdiction: number of Africans per country in the geographic area where the cases that you describe are located; 4. What is the procedure to be followed in case of a legal intervention to prevent or to penalise the performance of FGM?; 5. Is legislation applicable on FGM being implemented?; 6.What are the obstructing (favouring) factors for the implementation of legislation applicable to FGM? First of all we have compiled information about legislation applied with regard to FGM: not only general or specific criminal law, (in the case of Spain both because we have a change of law since october 2003), but also child protection procedures. In chapter 1, you may find the result: a Constitutional analysis, changes in Criminal Law, ans an introduction to Minor protection Laws. The second issue was the knowledge of court cases, police and judicial investigation in order to study how justice works. In this part, we contact key-informants, review archival records and study other reports: usually sociological, anthropological and health reports. In chapter 2 we have selected and summarized seven court cases in which we hace found enough relevant information to other parts of the report. At the same time, we need to identify the practicing communities to estimate the prevalence of women with FGM and the number of girls at risk of FGM. This was interesting not only to limit the research but to focus on a territory where there was a probability of cases in Court. We have choosen Catalonia: a community with court cases (in Barcelona and Girona) and prevalence of FGM; and Valencia, a territory without known cases and with no prevalence of FGM. This analysis is shown in chapter 3. In order to detect factors that hamper the implementation of existing legisaltion we need to know how procedures works at different levels: health services, social assistance, police, prosecution office and courts. Examining procedure laws, referral procedures, guidelines or ruled practices was not enough. We had to know what happen, who know a case, which institution examine it, which real mens they have.... To complete this, we have performe a study, interviewing key-informants with an standard interview: police, prosecutors, judges, doctors, nurses, social assistants and immigrants. Interviews were fulfilled in Valencia, Tarragona, Barcelona and Girona. Results are in Chapter 4 (procedure followed); Chapter 5 (implementation of appllicable legislation) and Chapter 6 (obstructing and favouring factors for the implementation of legislation). We had three main meetings to design the research and discuss texts and provissional results. Some of conclusions of provissional spanish report were discused in two seminars: “Ciudadania europea y conflictos culturales”, [european citizenship and cultural conflicts] (Valencia, 29, 30 and 31 october 2003); and “Violencia de género: instrumentos jurídicos en la lucha contra la discriminación de las mujeres”[Gender violence: legal instruments fighting agains women discrimination] (Valencia, 26, 27 and 28 november 2003) The study was financed by the European Commission, Daphne programme, and ran from January 2003 to March 2004 (EC-CONTRACT no 02/058/WYC). In additon, in the period we have done this study, the Centre of Studies on Citizenship, Migration and Minorities was financed with other projects related: “Indicadores y medidas para el desarrollo de políticas públicas de integración social de los inmigrantes y la garantía de sus derechos en la Comunidad Valenciana”, [indicators and measures to develop public policies for social integration of immigrants and the protection of their fundamental rights in the Land of Valencia], Project I+D “Generalitat Valenciana”; 2002-2003; "Los derechos fundamentales en las sociedades multiculturales" [fundamental rights in multicultural societies], project I+D, Subdirección General de Proyectos de Investigación, Dirección General de Investigación, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, november 2002-october 2005; “Los derechos de participación como elemento de integración de los inmigrantes” [participation rights as a element of the integration of immigrants], II Convocatoria de Ayudas a la Investigación en Economía, Demografía y Estudios de Población y Estudios Europeos de la Fundacion BBVA; 2004-2005. We wish to thank all who have collaborated in this study, specially we remark the collaboration and contributions of Elena Gascón Sorribas (Sociology of Law Laboratory; University of Zaragoza); María Heras García (Public Prosecutor); Dolores Gisbert Millet (Doctor, Health Service, Valencia); Ignacio de Lucas (Public Prosecutor); Laura Matilla (Lawyer, city council of Cullera); Joan Mayoral Simón (Justice Evaluating the impact of existing legislation with regard to Female Genital Mutilation..Spanish National Report. Daphne Programme Department, Regional Government of Catalonia); Xavier Montagud (Social Services, Regional Government of Valencia); and Dolores Sabater Collado (Court Secretary). With the results of the five National Report analysis and the information about legislation in all European Union member States, the coordinators, Els Leye and Jessika Deblonde, have elaborated A comparative analysis of the different legal approaches in the 15 EU Member States, and the respective judicial outcomes in Belgium, France, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom (ICRH, 2004)